![]() ![]() By then, it’s a “set of ideas that organizes thought and behavior.” And in the third phase, which he calls “chivalry beyond formal knighthood,” the influence of chivalry pervades society. Tournaments come into being and literary romance and epic flourish. In the second period, such high-born men begin to cultivate an identity as knights. The first, he calls “knighthood before chivalry”-the beginnings of the military profession in the period before kings and other noblemen would have called themselves knights. The English, the Italians, the Spanish, and the Germans not only adopt it but make it their own. He writes that “virtually every medieval voice we can hear accepts a chivalric mentalité and seems anxious to advance it (and often to reform it toward some desired goal) as a key buttress to society, even to civilization.”Ĭhivalry is “pretty much a French creation,” and then it moves through Western Europe. But it also refers to the collective body of knights present in an action and-most important-a set of ideas and practices. ![]() It denotes “deeds of great valor performed by knights,” he says. The term “chivalry”-unlike “feudalism”-is a medieval one, and an essential concept for the age. “It’s an immense topic that goes everywhere,” he says. Though its influence is still felt, chivalry is specific to a historical period-from roughly the second half of the 11th century into the 16th century-and it underpins medieval society in many ways. But he also insists that chivalry is more than a timeless warrior code. It’s a very bloody profession, and they admire it to excess,” he says. Chivalry was a violent, often grisly, phenomenon. The way people for the past couple of centuries have thought of chivalry isn’t the way medieval knights experienced it. Now he’s completing a book, commissioned by Cambridge University Press, called Medieval Chivalry, which looks at the concept generally. Kaeuper has devoted his career to it, with books such as Holy Warriors: The Religious Ideology of Chivalry (University of Pennsylvania, 2009) and Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe (Clarendon Press, 2001). Gallant knights on horseback, banners unfurling before stirring tournaments-today’s popular notions of the chivalric world are profoundly influenced by people in the 19th century who saw the Middle Ages through a romantic haze, says Richard Kaeuper, professor of history. HANDS-ON: A 19th-century depiction of Robert Bruce killing Sir Henry Bohun at the Battle of Bannockburn on June 24, 1314.
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